Foundation: E/E Architecture

E/E Architecture stands for Electrical and Electronic Architecture, forming the backbone of modern vehicles by integrating power systems with advanced computing.

The electrical components manage the transmission and distribution of power throughout the vehicle. This includes the wiring harness, battery, power distribution units, electrical connectors, and fuses. On the other hand, the electronics process information and execute functions through circuits and microcontrollers, ranging from lower-level endpoint ECUs (Electronic Control Units) to high-performance compute ECUs designed to run complex algorithms for AD (Automated Driving), ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), sensors, and actuators.

Key Elements of the E/E Architecture

Traditionally, the E/E Architecture is structured hierarchically:

1. Domain Level: Encompasses functional areas such as powertrain, chassis, and infotainment.

2. System Level: Defines individual systems, for example, engine management and brake control systems.

3. Component Level: Contains specific hardware and software components to form the complete system.

Components

Key components of the E/E Architecture include:

• Control Units (ECUs): Manage specific vehicle functions. They process data and control various systems.

• Sensors: Gather real-time data from the vehicle's environment or interior. They provide crucial input for system operations.

• Actuators: Convert electrical signals into mechanical actions. They execute commands from control units.

• Communication Networks: They enable seamless communication between components.

E/E Communication Networks

Networks like CAN, LIN, and FlexRay facilitate data exchange and enable seamless communication between components like ECUs, sensors, and actuators.

• CAN (Controller Area Network): A widely established, robust protocol for high-speed communication, predominantly used in powertrain and chassis systems.

• LIN (Local Interconnect Network): A cost-effective, efficient solution for non-critical applications, commonly used in body electronics.

• FlexRay: A high-speed, deterministic protocol used in safety-critical systems like drive-by-wire and brake-by-wire.

• Automotive Ethernet: Adapted from Internet Ethernet technology, automotive Ethernet is increasingly used for high-bandwidth applications in modern vehicles.

By tying together these components and communication networks, E/E Architecture enables the seamless interaction of mechanical, electrical, and software systems, laying the foundation for the evolution of Software-Defined Vehicles.