> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://www.sdv.guide/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://www.sdv.guide/sdv101/part-c-building-blocks/foundation-e-e-architecture.md).

# Foundation: E/E Architecture

E/E Architecture stands for Electrical and Electronic Architecture, forming the backbone of modern vehicles by integrating power systems with advanced computing. 

<figure><img src="/files/0PbZJSs5W2P1cPHzYa7B" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The **electrical** components manage the transmission and distribution of power throughout the vehicle. This includes the wiring harness, battery, power distribution units, electrical connectors, and fuses. On the other hand, the **electronics** process information and execute functions through circuits and microcontrollers, ranging from lower-level endpoint ECUs (Electronic Control Units) to high-performance compute ECUs designed to run complex algorithms for AD (Automated Driving), ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), sensors, and actuators.

## Key Elements of the E/E Architecture

Traditionally, the E/E Architecture is structured hierarchically:

1. **Domain Level**: Encompasses functional areas such as powertrain, chassis, and infotainment.
2. **System Level**: Defines individual systems, for example, engine management and brake control systems.
3. **Component Level**: Contains specific hardware and software components to form the complete system.

### Components

Key components of the E/E Architecture include:

* **Control Units (ECUs)**: Manage specific vehicle functions. They process data and control various systems.
* **Sensors**: Gather real-time data from the vehicle's environment or interior. They provide crucial input for system operations.
* **Actuators**: Convert electrical signals into mechanical actions. They execute commands from control units.
* **Communication Networks**: They enable seamless communication between components.

### E/E Communication Networks

Networks like CAN, LIN, and FlexRay facilitate data exchange and enable seamless communication between components like ECUs, sensors, and actuators.

* **CAN (Controller Area Network)**: A widely established, robust protocol for high-speed communication, predominantly used in powertrain and chassis systems.
* **LIN (Local Interconnect Network)**: A cost-effective, efficient solution for non-critical applications, commonly used in body electronics.
* **FlexRay**: A high-speed, deterministic protocol used in safety-critical systems like drive-by-wire and brake-by-wire.
* **Automotive Ethernet**: Adapted from Internet Ethernet technology, automotive Ethernet is increasingly used for high-bandwidth applications in modern vehicles.

By tying together these components and communication networks, E/E Architecture enables the seamless interaction of mechanical, electrical, and software systems, laying the foundation for the evolution of Software-Defined Vehicles.

<figure><img src="/files/9NmtKSHbpDUWdxmhCHBU" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>